Microcefalia antes de la llegada del virus Zika: una revisión de tema / Microcephaly before the arrival of the Zika virus: A review of the topic / Microcefalia antes da chegada do vírus Zika: uma revisão do assunto

Los reportes de casos de microcefalia en Brasil han significado un reto para la salud pública, especialmente en países de Latinoamérica como Colombia, pues a pesar de su presunta relación con el virus Zika, se desconoce cómo los otros factores implicados en la etiología de la microcefalia se relacionan con este aumento de casos. También se cuenta con pocas estadísticas epidemiológicas acerca del comportamiento de los factores etiológicos de microcefalia hasta el año clave de 2015, no solo en Brasil sino en la mayoría de países latinoamericanos. Las estimaciones de la incidencia y prevalencia de microcefalia son variables debido a diferencias en las definiciones, estándares de seguimiento y diferencias entre las poblaciones que tienen y las que no tienen validados los estándares de diagnóstico y seguimientos de microcefalia. Se realiza una revisión con una mirada general a la microcefalia, se unifican definiciones, clasificación y etiología.

The reports of cases of microcephaly in Brazil have posed a challenge for the public health, in particular, in Latin American countries such as Colombia, since despite their alleged relationship with the Zika virus, there is no information on the relation of other factors involved in the etiology of microcephaly are related with this increase in cases. There are also very few epidemiological statistics on the behavior of the etiological factors of microcephaly until the crucial year of 2015, not only in Brazil, but also in most Latin American countries. The changes in the incidence and prevalence of microcephaly are very variable due to the dissimilarities in the definitions, the development criteria and the differences among the populations with and without certified diagnostic standards and follow-up criteria for microcephaly. A general review of the microcephaly issue is made, in order to unify definitions, classification and etiology.

Os relatórios de casos de microcefalia no Brasil há significado um desafio para a saúde pública, especialmente nos países da América Latina como a Colômbia, pois a pesar de sua suposta relação com o vírus Zika, se desconhece como os outros fatores implicados na etiologia da microcefalia se relacionam com este aumento de casos. Também se conta com poucas estadísticas epidemiológicas sobre o comportamento dos fatores etiológicos de microcefalia até o ano chave de 2015, não só no Brasil se não na maioria de países latino-americanos. As estimações da incidência e prevalência de microcefalia são variáveis devido a diferenças nas definições, padrões de seguimento e diferenças entre as populações que têm e as que não têm validados os padrões de diagnóstico e seguimentos de microcefalia. Se realiza uma revisão com uma olhada geral à microcefalia, se unificam definições, classificação e etiologia.

Enfoque diagnóstico de feocromocitomas y paragangliomas / Diagnostic approach of pheochromocytomas and paragangliomas

Los feocromocitomas y paragangliomas son tumores neuroendócrinos poco frecuentes y con alta morbimortalidad. Reconocer las distintas formas de presentación es el paso diagnóstico inicial. El estudio bioquímico permite determinar el exceso de catecolaminas y sus metabolitos. Sin embargo, las determinaciones disponibles ofrecen diferente precisión diagnóstica. La tomografía computada y la resonancia magnética permiten localizar estos tumores con una alta sensibilidad. Los estudios funcionales se reservan para sospecha de enfermedad metastásica y para tumores múltiples. Un tercio de los pacientes presenta una mutación genética germinal y varios genes están implicados en el desarrollo de estos tumores

Pheochromocytomas and paragangliomas are rare neuroendocrine tumours associated with high morbidity and mortality. Recognizing the clinical presentation is the first step for diagnosis. Biochemical studies may determine an excess of catecholamines and their metabolites. However, the available tests offer varying diagnosis precision. Computed tomography and magnetic resonance are highly sensitive for locating these tumours. Functional tests are reserved for when metastatic and multifocal disease are suspected. One third of the patients have a germline mutation and many genes are involved in the development of these tumours

El Servicio de Pediatría del Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal de Madrid / The Pediatrics Department of the Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal of Madrid

No disponible

Unidad médico-quirúrgica de Cardiología Pediátrica y Cardiopatías Congénitas del Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal de Madrid / Medical-surgical unit of Pediatric Cardiology and Congenital Heart Diseases of the Hospital Ramón y Cajal of Madrid

Desde su creación, en el año 1977 por el Dr. Manolo Quero, coincidiendo con la apertura del Hospital, el Servicio de Cardiología Pediátrica y Cardiopatías Congénitas del Hospital Ramón y Cajal, ha sido y es centro de referencia donde se siguen enfermos de toda la geografia española. Se creó para dar atención especializada a la gran demanda existente en aquellos años. Y, después de casi 40 años, tenemos la gran satisfacción de poder seguir viendo a esos niños, ya convertidos en adultos, y seguimos ofreciéndoles la asistencia necesaria para tratar las cardiopatías complejas de la mayoria de ellos. Este Servicio se ha caracterizado, tanto por su actividad asistencial como por su actividad docente e investigadora, que ha propiciado que sea distinguido como Centro de Referencia Nacional (CSUR). Hoy en día, contarnos con un Servicio mixto de 7 facultativos, provenientes de la Pediatria y de la Cardiología y especializados en la Cardiología Pediátrica y las Cardiopatías Congénitas. El Servicio cuenta con varias Unidades especializadas como la de Hemodinámica Intervencionista Infantil y en Cardiopatías Congénitas, Hipertensión Pulmonar Pediátrica y Unidad de Arritmias Pediátricas y en Cardiopatias Congenitas, entre otros. Nuestro Servicio se integra en un equipo multidisciplinar, compuesto por cirujanos cardiacos, intensivistas pediátricos, anestesistas, obstetras, radiólogos, rehabilitadores y enfermería especializada, entre otros, que permiten la atención integral al enfermo. La gran mayoría de las consultas externas se organizan con la filosofía de la consulta de alta resolución. Realizándose la mayoría de las exploraciones y técnicas complementarias (electrocardiograma, ecocardicigrafía, Holter, ergometría) en el mismo día de la consulta (AU)

Since its creation in 1977 by Dr. Manolo Quero, coinciding with the opening of the Hospital, the Ramon y Cajal Hospital Pediatric Cardiology and Congenital Heart Disease Unit has been and is a referral center where patients coming from any Spanish region can get specialized and personalized integral care for children with congenital heart disease. After almost 40 years, the Service has integrated also the care of our grown up patients with congenital heart defects, into a transversal care unit. This service is characterized by its healthcare activity and its teaching and research that have led it to be distinguished as a National Reference Center (CSUR) activity. Today we are 7 physicians who perform our functions in different sections and allowed to specialize and create units as Hemodynamics, pulmonary hypertension and arrhythmias among others. Our cardiology department is integrated into a also has a rnultidisciplinary team including cardiac surgeons, pediatric intensivists, anesthesiologists, radiologist, physiotherapist, among others that allow for comprehensive patient care nursing. Our outpatient visits are Organized with the philosophy of "high resolution" visits and all the complementary examinations and functional tests) EKG, echocardiography, Holter cardiopulmonary exercise testing, and sometimes in the MRI) are done in the same day of the external visit (AU)

Comparison of the detection of periodontal pathogens in bacteraemia after tooth brushing by culture and molecular techniques.

BACKGROUND: The prevalence and amounts of periodontal pathogens detected in bacteraemia samples after tooth brushing-induced by means of four diagnostic technique, three based on culture and one in a molecular-based technique, have been compared in this study. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Blood samples were collected from thirty-six subjects with different periodontal status (17 were healthy, 10 with gingivitis and 9 with periodontitis) at baseline and 2 minutes after tooth brushing. Each sample was analyzed by three culture-based methods [direct anaerobic culturing (DAC), hemo-culture (BACTEC), and lysis-centrifugation (LC)] and one molecular-based technique [quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR)]. With culture any bacterial isolate was detected and quantified, while with qPCR only Porphyromonas gingivalis and Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans were detected and quantified. Descriptive analyses, ANOVA and Chi-squared tests, were performed. RESULTS: Neither BACTEC nor qPCR detected any type of bacteria in the blood samples. Only LC (2.7%) and DAC (8.3%) detected bacteraemia, although not in the same patients. Fusobacterium nucleatum was the most frequently detected bacterial species. CONCLUSIONS: The disparity in the results when the same samples were analyzed with four different microbiological detection methods highlights the need for a proper validation of the methodology to detect periodontal pathogens in bacteraemia samples, mainly when the presence of periodontal pathogens in blood samples after tooth brushing was very seldom.

Intoxicación letal por inhalación accidental de fosfuro alumínico / Fatal poisoning by accidental inhalation of aluminium phosphide

Se describen los casos de 2 hermanas de 6 y de 9 años con intoxicación letal por inhalación de fosfuro alumínico, tras su uso inadecuado en el medio rural. La clínica consistió en la rápida instauración de vómitos, arritmias cardíacas, shock, disnea, edema pulmonar/distrés respiratorio agudo, acidosis metabólica y disfunción hepática. Las pacientes fallecieron pese a la instauración de medidas de soporte vital avanzado. Aunque teóricamente un diagnóstico precoz podría mejorar el pronóstico, la alta tasa de letalidad y la ausencia de un antídoto específico para este tóxico deben dirigir los esfuerzos a la prevención, a la restricción de su uso como plaguicida y a alertar acerca de su toxicidad (AU)

The cases of two 6 and 9-year-old sisters with lethal poisoning by inhalation of aluminium phosphide, after its inadequate use in a rural environment, are described. The clinical symptoms consisted of sudden vomiting, cardiac arrhythmias, shock, dyspnea, pulmonary edema/acute respiratory distress, metabolic acidosis and hepatic dysfunction, and the patients died in spite of advanced life support. Although an early diagnosis might theoretically improve the poisoning outcome, its high lethality rate and the absence of a specific antidote, efforts must be directed towards prevention and restricting its use as pesticide and being aware of its toxicity (AU)